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Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a seed- and aphid-borne virus that infects narrow-leafed lupins. It can also infect many other broad-leafed plant species.

Lupin seeding rates may need to be higher for pasture crops to achieve the same target density as standard crops, as lupin establishment density where crops were sown into perennial grasses was 8-3

Biomass production was greater and distribution of green feed over time wider for the pasture-crop compared to crop only or permanent pasture systems.

Establishing perennial pastures with precision guidance technology provides the opportunity to sow annual crops between perennial rows with tined seeders in future years.

Management of weeds, disease and nitrogen nutrition are ongoing challenges that limit yield potential.

40% lower germination was measured from seed of plants exposed to wetting and drying at maturity.

Lupins should be harvested as soon as they are mature to minimise significant yield loss.