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Lupin seeding rates may need to be higher for pasture crops to achieve the same target density as standard crops, as lupin establishment density where crops were sown into perennial grasses was 8-3

Biomass production was greater and distribution of green feed over time wider for the pasture-crop compared to crop only or permanent pasture systems.

Establishing perennial pastures with precision guidance technology provides the opportunity to sow annual crops between perennial rows with tined seeders in future years.

Management of weeds, disease and nitrogen nutrition are ongoing challenges that limit yield potential.